Risk aversity visible in the brain

Public release date: 26-Nov-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Bernd Weber
bernd.weber@ukb.uni-bonn.de
49-228-738-290
University of Bonn

Researchers from the University of Bonn study the biological basis of economic decisions

Some people live their lives by the motto "no risk - no fun!" and avoid hardly any risks. Others are clearly more cautious and focus primarily on safety when investing and for other business activities. Scientists from the University of Bonn in cooperation with colleagues from the University of Zurich studied the attitudes towards risk in a group of 56 subjects. They found that in people who preferred safety, certain regions of the brain show a higher level of activation when they are confronted with quite unforeseeable situations. In addition, they do not distinguish as clearly as risk takers whether a situation is more or less risky than expected. The results have just been published in the renowned "Journal of Neuroscience."

"We were especially interested in the link between risk preferences and the brain regions processing this information," says Prof. Dr. Bernd Weber from the Center for Economics and Neuroscience (CENs) at the University of Bonn. First, the researchers tested a total of 56 subjects for their willingness to take risks. "In an economic game, the test subjects had a choice between a secured payout and a lottery," reports Sarah Rudorf from CENs, the study's principal author. Those who showed a strong preference for the lottery in this test were categorized as risk takers. Others preferred the secured payout even if the lottery's odds of winning were clearly better. They were put in the risk-averse group.

In risk-averse individuals, certain regions of the brain are activated more strongly

Then the test subjects played a card game in a brain scanner to study their risk perception. Cards carrying numbers from one to ten were shown on the video glasses in front of their eyes. Each time, two cards were randomly drawn. Before the subjects were shown the cards, they were asked to place bets on whether the second card would have a higher or a lower number than the first one. "The statistical probability for either case to occur is always the same: fifty-fifty," says Prof. Weber. "This is important so that all subjects, whether they are risk takers or not, experience risky situations inside the scanner." They were not able to assess their probability of winning their bet until they saw the first card. Here, the researchers found that in the subjects who tended to avoid risks, two specific regions of the brain were activated more strongly than in those who were willing to take risks. These areas are the ventral striatum and the insular cortex. The ventral striatum reacts both to the probability of winning, as well as to how well an individual can predict the outcome of the bet. The insular cortex is particularly sensitive to the risk a situation carries, and for whether it is higher or lower than anticipated.

Risk seekers adjust their strategy after lucky streaks

Sarah Rudorf summarized the results, "Individuals in whom these regions of the brain are activated at a higher level seem to perceive risks more clearly and assess them as more negative than those who are willing to take risks." Risk-averse individuals seem to overestimate the consequences of risk, and they did not distinguish as clearly between situations that turned out to be more or less risky than expected. In contrast, the test subjects who tended to take greater risks also focused their behavior more towards the wins and losses, and more clearly changed their strategy after negative situations.

Study is first to show the neurobiological mechanisms

"This study is the first to show the neurobiological mechanisms of how individual risk preferences determine risk perception," says Prof. Weber. "This also has effects on behavior in the areas of finance and health."

In a next step, the researchers want to study the consequences these results have on economic decisions such as in the stock market. "This might even allow improving the advising process for investors with regard to their individual risk behavior," says Prof. Weber. And he considers health another important area. Smokers know that what they do is very dangerous, and yet they smoke. "If we learned more about smokers' attitudes towards risk, we might be able to provide information for developing better anti-smoking campaigns."

###

Publication: Neural Correlates of Anticipation Risk Reflect Risk Preferences, Journal of Neuroscience, DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4235-11.2012

Link: http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/291-2012.

Contact:

Sarah Rudorf
Center for Economics and Neuroscience der Universitt Bonn
Ph.: 228-73-8283
Email: rudorf@uni-bonn.de

---

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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 26-Nov-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Bernd Weber
bernd.weber@ukb.uni-bonn.de
49-228-738-290
University of Bonn

Researchers from the University of Bonn study the biological basis of economic decisions

Some people live their lives by the motto "no risk - no fun!" and avoid hardly any risks. Others are clearly more cautious and focus primarily on safety when investing and for other business activities. Scientists from the University of Bonn in cooperation with colleagues from the University of Zurich studied the attitudes towards risk in a group of 56 subjects. They found that in people who preferred safety, certain regions of the brain show a higher level of activation when they are confronted with quite unforeseeable situations. In addition, they do not distinguish as clearly as risk takers whether a situation is more or less risky than expected. The results have just been published in the renowned "Journal of Neuroscience."

"We were especially interested in the link between risk preferences and the brain regions processing this information," says Prof. Dr. Bernd Weber from the Center for Economics and Neuroscience (CENs) at the University of Bonn. First, the researchers tested a total of 56 subjects for their willingness to take risks. "In an economic game, the test subjects had a choice between a secured payout and a lottery," reports Sarah Rudorf from CENs, the study's principal author. Those who showed a strong preference for the lottery in this test were categorized as risk takers. Others preferred the secured payout even if the lottery's odds of winning were clearly better. They were put in the risk-averse group.

In risk-averse individuals, certain regions of the brain are activated more strongly

Then the test subjects played a card game in a brain scanner to study their risk perception. Cards carrying numbers from one to ten were shown on the video glasses in front of their eyes. Each time, two cards were randomly drawn. Before the subjects were shown the cards, they were asked to place bets on whether the second card would have a higher or a lower number than the first one. "The statistical probability for either case to occur is always the same: fifty-fifty," says Prof. Weber. "This is important so that all subjects, whether they are risk takers or not, experience risky situations inside the scanner." They were not able to assess their probability of winning their bet until they saw the first card. Here, the researchers found that in the subjects who tended to avoid risks, two specific regions of the brain were activated more strongly than in those who were willing to take risks. These areas are the ventral striatum and the insular cortex. The ventral striatum reacts both to the probability of winning, as well as to how well an individual can predict the outcome of the bet. The insular cortex is particularly sensitive to the risk a situation carries, and for whether it is higher or lower than anticipated.

Risk seekers adjust their strategy after lucky streaks

Sarah Rudorf summarized the results, "Individuals in whom these regions of the brain are activated at a higher level seem to perceive risks more clearly and assess them as more negative than those who are willing to take risks." Risk-averse individuals seem to overestimate the consequences of risk, and they did not distinguish as clearly between situations that turned out to be more or less risky than expected. In contrast, the test subjects who tended to take greater risks also focused their behavior more towards the wins and losses, and more clearly changed their strategy after negative situations.

Study is first to show the neurobiological mechanisms

"This study is the first to show the neurobiological mechanisms of how individual risk preferences determine risk perception," says Prof. Weber. "This also has effects on behavior in the areas of finance and health."

In a next step, the researchers want to study the consequences these results have on economic decisions such as in the stock market. "This might even allow improving the advising process for investors with regard to their individual risk behavior," says Prof. Weber. And he considers health another important area. Smokers know that what they do is very dangerous, and yet they smoke. "If we learned more about smokers' attitudes towards risk, we might be able to provide information for developing better anti-smoking campaigns."

###

Publication: Neural Correlates of Anticipation Risk Reflect Risk Preferences, Journal of Neuroscience, DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4235-11.2012

Link: http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Pressemitteilungen/291-2012.

Contact:

Sarah Rudorf
Center for Economics and Neuroscience der Universitt Bonn
Ph.: 228-73-8283
Email: rudorf@uni-bonn.de

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-11/uob-rav112612.php

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Jozewicz v. GGT Enterprises, LLC; 2010 U.S. Dist ... - Recreation Law

Posted: November 26, 2012 | Author: Jim Moss | Filed under: Legal Case, Skiing / Snow Boarding, Product Recall, Utah | Tags: Product liability, Ski binding, Salt Lake City, CPSC, K2, Jarden, Product Recal, Park City Utah, Indemnity, Alta Ski Area, Jarden Corporation, GGT, Utah Supreme Court |

Jozewicz v. GGT Enterprises, LLC; 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 53937

Laura Jozewicz, Plaintiff, vs. GGT Enterprises, Llc; K2 Corporation; and Jarden Corporation, Defendants.

Case No. 2:09-cv-00215-CW

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH, CENTRAL DIVISION

2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 53937

June 2, 2010, Decided

June 2, 2010, Filed

CORE TERMS: public policy concern, preinjury, binding, alert, distributor, rental, consumer products, consumer, retailer, citation omitted, ski, risks of injury, skiing, sports, skis, serious injury, manufacturer, recreational, invalidated, safety standards, public policy, unreasonable risk, manufacture, notice, hazard, release agreement, unenforceable, collectively, inventory, rented

COUNSEL: [*1] For Laura Jozewicz, an individual, Plaintiff: Jordan P. Kendell, Robert G. Gilchrist, LEAD ATTORNEYS, EISENBERG & GILCHRIST, SALT LAKE CITY, UT.

For K2, a Delaware corporation, Defendant: Cobie W. Spevak, Gainer M. Waldbillig, LEAD ATTORNEYS, FORD & HUFF LC (SLC), SALT LAKE CITY, UT.

For Jarden, a Delaware corporation, Defendant: Gainer M. Waldbillig, LEAD ATTORNEY, Cobie W. Spevak, FORD & HUFF LC (SLC), SALT LAKE CITY, UT.

For GGT Enterprises, a Utah corporation, Defendant: Adam Strachan, LEAD ATTORNEY, STRACHAN STRACHAN & SIMON, LITIGATION, PARK CITY, UT.

JUDGES: Clark Waddoups, United States District Judge.

OPINION BY: Clark Waddoups

OPINION

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER

INTRODUCTION

While skiing at Alta ski area, Plaintiff Laura Jozewicz (?Jozewicz?) fell and injured her neck. Jozewicz contends she fell because the binding on her skis unexpectedly released due to a product defect. Jozewicz rented the skis from Defendant GGT Enterprises, LLC (?GGT?). At the time of rental, a recall notice was in effect for the binding, but GGT did not remove the product from its rental inventory. Nevertheless, GGT seeks dismissal of Jozewicz?s negligence claim on the basis that she signed a release from liability at the time she rented [*2] the skis. For the reasons discussed below, the court denies GGT?s motion to dismiss.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

On March 17, 2008, GGT rented skis to Jozewicz. On March 18, 2008, Jozewicz fell and injured her neck while skiing at Alta ski area. Jozewicz claims her fall occurred when the Marker MI Demo binding on her rental ski released unexpectedly. Jozewicz alleges that Defendants K2 Corporation and Jarden Corporation (collectively ?K2/Jarden?) manufactured the ski binding. Prior to Jozewicz?s fall, K2/Jarden notified the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (?Commission?) regarding the binding, and the Commission subsequently issued a recall alert on May 30, 2007, due to ?Unexpected Release, Fall Hazard.? ¹ The recall alert stated that ?[s]ki shops with these bindings in their rental inventory should not rent this equipment to consumers until it has been upgraded.? ² The recall further stated that ?[s]kiers can unitentionally displace a lever at the rear of the binding,? which ?[i]f it is fully displaced, . . . can result in the unexpected release of the binding and possibly cause the user to fall.? ³

1 Recall Alert (May 30, 2007) (Docket No. 29, Ex. A).

2 Id.

3 Id.

Prior to renting her [*3] skis from GGT, Jozewicz signed an ?Equipment Rental and Liability Release Agreement,? which states in relevant part:

I understand that the binding system cannot guarantee the user?s safety. In downhill skiing, the binding systems will not release at all times or under all circumstances where release may prevent injury or death, nor is it possible to predict every situation in which it will release. . . .

I understand that the sports of skiing, snowboarding, skiboarding, snowshoeing and other sports (collectively ?RECREATIONAL SNOW SPORTS?) involve inherent risks of INJURY and DEATH. I voluntarily agree to expressly assume all risks of injury or death that may result from these RECREATIONAL SNOW SPORTS, or which relate in any way to the use of this equipment. . . .

I AGREE TO RELEASE AND HOLD HARMLESS the equipment rental facility, its employees, owner, affiliates, agents, officers, directors and the equipment manufacturers and distributors and their successors in interest (collectively ?PROVIDERS?), from all liability for injury, death, property loss and damage which results from the equipment user?s participation in the RECREATIONAL SNOW SPORTS for which the equipment is provided, or [*4] which is related in any way to the use of this equipment, including all liability which results from the NEGLIGENCE of PROVIDERS, or any other person or cause.

I further agree to defend and indemnify PROVIDERS for any loss or damage, including any that results from claims or lawsuits for personal injury, death, and property loss and damage related in any way to the use of this equipment. ⁴

GGT claims the release agreement bars Jozewicz?s negligence claim.

4 Equipment Rental & Liability Release Agreement (Docket No. 13, Ex. 2) (emphasis in original).

ANALYSIS

I. STANDARD FOR REVIEW

Defendant GGT brings this motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). When considering a 12(b)(6) motion, ?a court must accept as true all well-pleaded facts, as distinguished from conclusory allegations, and those facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.? ⁵ The complaint must include ?enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.? ⁶ ?The court?s function on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is not to weigh potential evidence that the parties might present at trial, but to assess whether the plaintiff?s complaint alone is legally sufficient to state a claim [*5] for which relief may be granted.? ⁷ Consequently, a court does not look at evidence outside of a pleading to determine such motions. ⁸ If a court does rely ?on material from outside the pleadings, the court converts the motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment.? ⁹ Because the court relies on material outside of the pleadings in this case, the court converts this motion into a motion for summary judgment.

5 Shero v. City of Grove, 510 F.3d 1196, 1200 (10th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted).

6 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 167 L. Ed. 2d 929 (2007).

7 Peterson v. Grisham, 594 F.3d 723, 727 (10th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted).

8 Dobsen v. Anderson, No. 08-7018, 2008 U.S. App. LEXIS 22820, at *8-9 (10th Cir. Nov. 4, 2008).

9 Id. at *9 (quotations and citation omitted).

II. PREINJURY RELEASES

A. Limitations on Preinjury Releases

Without question, individuals ?may contract away their rights to recover in tort for damages caused by the ordinary negligence of others.? ¹⁰ The Utah Supreme Court has recognized, however, ?that preinjury releases are not unlimited in power and can be invalidated in certain circumstances,? including when (1) the release offends public policy, (2) the release is for activities [*6] that fit within the public interest exception, or (3) the release is unclear or ambiguous. ¹¹ The second limitation is not at issue here because ?preinjury releases for recreational activities,? such as skiing, ?cannot be invalidated under the public interest exception.? ¹² Likewise, the third limitation is not at issue because Jozewicz conceded during oral argument that the release is not unclear or ambiguous. Thus, the prevailing issue in this case is whether a public policy concern overwhelms the effect of the preinjury release that Jozewicz signed.

10 Pearce v. Utah Athletic Found., 2008 UT 13, P 14, 179 P.3d 760, 765 (citations omitted).

11 Id. (citations omitted).

12 Id. P 18.

B. Public Policy Considerations

Preinjury releases must be compatible with public policy to be enforceable. ¹³ Previously, the Utah Supreme Court has invalidated preinjury releases when they were contrary to public policy set forth in statutory provisions. The court has recognized that ?[w]hen . . . the Legislature clearly articulates public policy, and the implications of that public policy are unmistakable, we have the duty to honor those expressions of policy in our rulings.? ¹⁴ Thus, in Hawkins v. Peart, the [*7] Utah Supreme Court held that public policy invalidated a preinjury release signed by a parent on behalf of a minor child. ¹⁵ The court looked to Utah statute and found that it ?provides various checks on parental authority to ensure a child?s interests are protected.? ¹⁶ In particular, it found that when a child is injured, statutory law precludes a parent from settling a claim, unless the parent is appointed as conservator for the child. ¹⁷ Based on this clear legislative intent to protect a minor?s interest post injury, the court concluded that a preinjury release for a minor child likewise was unenforceable. ¹⁸

13 Id. P 15 (citing Rothstein v. Snowbird Corp., 2007 UT 96, P 7, 175 P.3d 560).

14 Rothstein v. Snowbird Corp., 2007 UT 96, P 20, 175 P.3d 560.

15 Hawkins v. Peart, 2001 UT 94, PP 12-13, 37 P.3d 1062.

16 Id. P 11.

17 Id. (citing Utah Code Ann. ? 75-5-404 (1993)).

18 Id. PP 12-13.

As applicable to this case, Congress has expressed its concern about product defects that pose a significant risk of injury or death. In an effort to protect the public from such defects, it enacted the Consumer Product Safety Act (the ?Act?). The stated purpose of the Act is:

(1) to protect the public against unreasonable [*8] risks of injury associated with consumer products; (2) to assist consumers in evaluating the comparative safety of consumer products; (3) to develop uniform safety standards for consumer products and to minimize conflicting State and local regulations; and (4) to promote research and investigation into the causes and prevention of product-related deaths, illnesses, and injuries. ¹⁹

Through this legislation, Congress has stated its intent to create laws that protect the public from unreasonable risk of harm from defective products and to provide a uniform regulatory scheme to promote product safety.

19 15 U.S.C. ? 2051(b) (2010).

Under 15 U.S.C. ? 2064(b), manufacturers, distributors, and retailers are required to notify the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission when they become aware a product (1) fails to comply with applicable safety standards, (2) fails to comply with other rules, regulations, standards, or bans under any acts enforced by the Commission, (3) ?contains a defect which could create a substantial product hazard,? or (4) ?creates unreasonable risk of serious injury or death.? ²⁰ Recall alerts arising from such notices are specifically designed to prevent serious [*9] injuries. Under 15 U.S.C. ? 2068, manufacturers and distributors are charged with honoring the recall alerts issued by the Commission. The law in effect at the time of Jozewicz?s accident stated:

It shall be unlawful for any person to ?

(1) manufacture for sale, offer for sale, distribute in commerce, or import into the United States any consumer product which is not in conformity with an applicable consumer product safety standard under this chapter;

(2) manufacture for sale, offer for sale, distribute in commerce, or import into the United States any consumer product which has been declared a banned hazardous product by a rule under this chapter. ²¹

20 Id. ? 2064(b).

21 Id. ? 2068(a)(1)-(2) (2006). This Section was amended on August 14, 2008, after Jozewicz?s injury occurred. Section 2068(a) now prohibits the sale, manufacture for sale, distribution, or importation of any product (1) ?that is not in conformity with an applicable consumer product safety rule,? (2) that is subject to a voluntary corrective action, (3) that is an imminent hazard and subject to a Commission?s order, or (4) that is a banned hazardous substance. Id. ? 2068(a)(1)-(2) (2010).

Congress enacted the statute to ensure [*10] safe products are provided to the public and to limit the risk of injury. Once a manufacturer, distributor, or retailer reports a defect to the Commission and a recall alert is published, the alert would have no effect if other retailers were not required to take action to correct the defect or remove the product from their inventory. The law requires distributors and retailers to heed recall alerts issued by the Commission and ensure defective products are either fixed or not sold.

Jozewicz argues that Congress?s public policy concern to prevent unreasonable risk of serious injury or death to the public meets the public policy standard set forth by the Utah Supreme Court, and therefore invalidates her release of GGT?s negligence. GGT contends, however, that Congress did not intend for the Consumer Product Safety Act to preempt state law, and no private cause of action exists under 15 U.S.C. ? 2064(b). While this is true, this does not nullify the stated public policy concerns that override the right of parties to contract away tort liability. The rental of the ski bindings at issue in this case became unlawful once the recall notice became effective. Public policy should not favor [*11] allowing a party to insulate itself from harms caused to others arising from unlawful acts. Moreover, a decision that public policy causes a preinjury release to be invalid in this case does not cause GGT to be held liable under the Act, nor does it preempt state law. It merely recognizes Congress?s concern to minimize unreasonable risk to the public of serious injury or death. Such a concern is particularly relevant when a latent defect exists of which distributors and retailers are or should be aware, but not a consumer.

The implication of allowing distributors and retailers to contract away liability for noncompliance with established safety standards would increase the risk of injury and would be contrary to Congress?s express public policy concerns. Furthermore, validating the release of liability for noncompliance with Federal law would effectively reduce or eliminate the responsibility that distributors and retailers have to make sure the products they sell or rent are safe. Public policy should encourage compliance with safety laws, not disregard for such laws. Due to a strong public interest in ensuring adherence to recall alerts, the court concludes that GGT?s release is unenforceable [*12] as a matter of public policy.

CONCLUSION

GGT?s preinjury release is unenforceable and invalid as a matter of public policy. For this reason, GGT?s motion is DENIED. ²²

22 Docket No. 12.

DATED this 2nd day of June, 2010.

BY THE COURT:

/s/ Clark Waddoups

Clark Waddoups

United States District Judge

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Akcent: Reference and Education Posting Category - May ...

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E3M European Conference 4 & 5 March 2013 ? Social Business ...

November 25, 2012

?Growing Successful Social Enterprise: Lessons and Opportunities? is a major European conference and exhibition for 500 delegates that will provide a focal point for showcasing and learning about innovation in European social enterprise.

The conference will take place in the UK and have a particular focus on the Ms: of Markets, Money, Models and Measurement. It will explore some of the key elements of the EU?s Social Business Initiative, making links between emerging policy and practice on the ground in different member states.

Participants will be able to make contact with potential cross boarder partners and identify future business opportunities.

The conference flyer can be downloaded here?E3M2pp.pdf[1]

For more information and booking www.successfulsocialenterprise.eu

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Source: http://socialbusinessint.com/2012/11/e3m-european-conference-4-5-march-2013/

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How I Manage Being a Work at Home Mom {Motherhood Series ...

This post is part of our motherhood series. You can see all the posts here.

Being a work at home mom presents many challenges. It?s a blessing most definitely, being able to care for my toddler while earning a little income on the side from the comforts of my own home, but it takes a lot of intentionality and discipline to make it work.

When people find out that I stay home full time caring for an almost two year old, co-own an online Women?s ministry, run multiple websites, write eBooks, and still manage to have any sort of social life they inevitably ask me, ?How do you do it all??

Well, duh! I don?t, but what I do manage to get done I manage by the grace of God, no doubt! Let me share some nuggets of advice that I think will help you manage being a work at home mom. Join me at our sister site, Christian Mommy Blogger, for the rest of this post. {Click here to read more.}

Source: http://intentionalbygrace.com/2012/11/26/how-i-manage-being-a-work-at-home-mom-motherhood-series/

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WFW Advises Hoegh LNG on Sale of Port ... - LNG World News

Watson, Farley & Williams (WFW), an international law firm, said that it has advised H?egh LNG on the sale of its wholly owned subsidiary Port Meridian Energy Limited for US$20m to Meridian Holdings, an entity advised by West Face Capital and owned by a fund managed by West Face.?

Port Meridian Energy Limited has developed plans and received permits for a deepwater port for LNG imports and regasification near the coast of Barrow-in-Furness in England.

Under a Joint Development Agreement with the West Face Fund, H?egh LNG remains as the supplier and operator of the floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) for the planned LNG import terminal. Meridian will continue to develop the commercial agreements for LNG imports and the pipeline connecting the FSRU to the gas distribution grid. Both parties are committed to successfully developing the project with an ambition to start operations in 2016.

Oslo-listed H?egh LNG is a fully integrated floating LNG services company with almost 40 years? experience, offering long-term floating production, transportation, regasification and terminal solutions for the liquefied natural gas (LNG) market.

West Face is a Toronto-based institutional investment manager with roughly US$2.8 billion in assets under management.

The WFW team was led by London office Corporate partner Mark Tooke. He was assisted by solicitors Justin Priestley (Real Estate), Tanvir Dhanoa (Corporate) and David Galea (Asset Finance/Shipping).

Baker Botts LLP acted for West Face.

WFW London Corporate partner Mark Tooke said: ?We were very pleased to have advised longstanding client H?egh LNG on the sale of its UK Port Meridian Terminal project, which is strategically important to the challenge of meeting the UK?s future energy requirements. The ongoing nature of the relationship between H?egh LNG and Meridian required sensitive handling but ultimately made this an unusually satisfying transaction for the WFW team to have worked on.?

LNG World News Staff, November 19, 2012; Image: Port Meridian Project

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Source: http://www.lngworldnews.com/wfw-advises-hoegh-lng-on-sale-of-port-meridian-project-uk/

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Home Business Systems Make Them Operate For you | My Six ...

Dwelling business enterprise systems let you function from dwelling and be your own boss. With a lot of of those systems, men and women get started off modest on a portion time basis and once they see how the systems operate, they soon get started operating full time with their own Net business enterprise. The beauty of residence organization systems is that they may be not high priced to use and you dont want to have any understanding of how computer systems operate to have your personal business enterprise at residence. Fantastic property enterprise systems usually work well.

Discover a niche which you enjoy or use many of the talents you already need to make or obtain household business systems work for you. There is a wealth of details in regards to the prime residence Internet business systems and it is possible to choose from many systems to obtain began working on the web at home. The world wide web has turn out to be the shopping mall on the 21st century and you may sell your goods straight on-line or link to certainly one of many affiliates that let you sign up at no cost, and offer great online residence enterprise systems

With lots of leading household Net organization systems, you may take advantage of programs that teach you anything you?ll want to know. These household company systems start you off from the ground up and provide you with each of the tools you have to succeed at your personal household business enterprise. You dont must sell the goods of other firms. As an example, for those who have a talent for sewing, it is possible to sell your own handmade quilts of specialty gowns from your Web website.

With dwelling business systems, if you put in sufficient time, it is possible to have unlimited streams of revenue. This doesnt come about overnight, even with the top household World wide web enterprise concepts. Although the only expense you?ve got with setting up your personal Online enterprise at property is the cost with the program, the domain name and the internet hosting, you can not anticipate the site to create revenue unless you function at it.

Operating at residence will not mean not working. You could set your personal hours of operate, but you do must operate with the residence small business systems. So as to make top rated dollar, the sites you develop with any in the dwelling business enterprise systems need to have monitoring in order that you can direct the clients to your web-site. With all the a lot of sorts of approaches to create income on the net, a little bit tough function and persistence can spend off inside a massive way.

Excellent dwelling organization systems are worth finding.

Find the ideal approach to Cheap Air Max,Air Max Outlet by hunting on the net. By going to Air Max,Air Max 2012> you?ll have created the ideal selection. Go on the web now and find out a lot more.

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Source: http://mysixstringsblog.com/home-business-systems-make-them-operate-for-you/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=home-business-systems-make-them-operate-for-you

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Great Marketing Tips For Any Internet Business

[unable to retrieve full-text content]Website marketing strategies can be used together with traditional marketing to increase profits. Use these tips if you would like to perform Website marketing with your business. You can approach other online businesses and ...

Source: http://easybusinesstoday.com/workathome/great-marketing-tips-for-any-internet-business/

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US new home starts jump to fastest pace in 4 years

In this Friday, Oct. 12, 2012, photo, workers construct a new home in Chicago. U.S. builders started construction last month on the most single-family homes and apartments since July 2008, more evidence that the housing recovery is gaining momentum. The Commerce Department says housing starts jumped 3.6 percent in October from September to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 894,000. Single-family home construction dipped 0.2 percent after hitting the fastest rate in four years in the previous month. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

In this Friday, Oct. 12, 2012, photo, workers construct a new home in Chicago. U.S. builders started construction last month on the most single-family homes and apartments since July 2008, more evidence that the housing recovery is gaining momentum. The Commerce Department says housing starts jumped 3.6 percent in October from September to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 894,000. Single-family home construction dipped 0.2 percent after hitting the fastest rate in four years in the previous month. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

In this Thursday, Oct. 11, 2012, photo, Ford Smith works on a new home under construction in Chicago. U.S builders started construction last month on the most single-family homes and apartments since July 2008, more evidence that the housing recovery is gaining momentum. The Commerce Department says housing starts jumped 3.6 percent in October from September to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 894,000. Single-family home construction dipped 0.2 percent after hitting the fastest rate in four years in the previous month. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

WASHINGTON (AP) ? U.S. builders started construction last month on the most homes and apartments since July 2008, more evidence that the housing recovery is gaining momentum.

The Commerce Department said Tuesday that builders broke ground on homes in October at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 894,000. That's a 3.6 percent gain from September.

Single-family home construction dipped 0.2 percent to an annual rate of 594,000, down from a four-year high in the previous month. Apartment construction, which is more volatile from month to month, rose 10 percent to an annual rate of 285,000.

Applications for building permits, a sign of future construction, fell 2.7 percent to 866,000, after jumping 12 percent in September to a four-year high. Still, permit applications to build single-family homes rose to their highest level since July 2008.

"The overwhelming trend here is a housing market that has clearly shifted into recovery mode," Robert Kavcic, an economist at BMO Capital Markets, said in a note to clients.

Housing starts are 87 percent above the annual rate of 478,000 in April 2009, the recession low. That's still short of the 1.5 million annual rate considered healthy.

Superstorm Sandy had minimal impact on the October figures, the government said. It could delay some construction in November. Still, residential construction activity in region should get a boost soon after when builders begin replacing homes destroyed by the storm.

The housing market has been making consistent gains this year, helping prop up an economy that's being squeezed by a global slowdown and looming spending cuts and tax increases.

Builder confidence rose to its highest level in six and a half years, according to a survey by the National Association of Home Builders/Wells Fargo. Their index of builder sentiment rose to 46 this month, up from 41 in October. It was the highest reading since May 2006, just before the housing bubble burst.

Readings below 50 signal negative sentiment about the housing market. The index has been rising since October 2011, when it was 17. It has surged 27 points in the past 12 months, the sharpest annual increase on record.

Sales of previously occupied homes rose 2.1 percent to 4.79 million in October, the National Association of Realtors said. Sales are near their highest level in five years, excluding temporary spikes in 2009 and 2010 when a homebuyer tax credit boosted purchases.

A key factor fueling the gains is a gradually improving economy, which has increased the number of people looking for homes. At the same time, fewer homes are available for sale. The low supply is helping push up prices.

In addition, mortgage rates have hit all-time lows. And rents are rising, making the purchase of a single-family home or condominium more attractive.

Though new homes represent less than 20 percent of the housing sales market, they have an outsize impact on the economy. Each home built creates an average of three jobs for a year and generates about $90,000 in tax revenue, according to data from the home builders group.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2012-11-20-Housing%20Starts/id-fa92d2794dd445419715b6388b5fdf05

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Personal Goal Setting And Self Improvement | Goal Achievers Online

Goal setting is a very effective avenue that can help you in achieving anything in life a much faster than when you are not applying program on setting goals for your personal improvement. But, there are some common goal setting shortcomings that you have to avoid in order to effectively reach your goals as fast as you can and achieve self improvement- personal growth.

One of the most common goal setting mistakes is to set to several goals at one time. Trying to carry too much in your arms at one time and before long you could not manage it- in most cases. You might have been able to balance each thing in your arms for a little while but then, all of a sudden, things in your arms come crashing down to the ground. Likewise with goal setting. You can not have many things to be handled with simultaneously so you have to set priority- find your niche.

Personal Goal Setting
In a global scope, there are lots of situations whereby people feel overwhelmed by the goals they set. Thus, the goals that they set were never fulfilled. Precisely because, management of these calls were just difficult to handle.

I used to program at personal goal setting for myself and achieved nothing but failure. The desire to fulfill these personal goals is always there. But, I am always unsure of where, when I should start. For instance, I wanted to keep my working area clean and tidy everyday but I always find it difficult to do so especially after a day?s work.

Goal Setting Tips
You have to be firm. Nobody is going to stand over your shoulder with a cattle prod, poking you to keep moving ahead. You are your own task master, you must stand what you believe beneficial to you. When you begin to procrastinate, remind yourself that you are responsible for making the most of your time and energy and power.
You have to be consistent. The only avenue anyone ever accomplishes what they set out after is through consistency and of being persistent.

Personal Growth
A group of people and industry leaders have generously shared what personal growth means to them. There are many ideas (that really work for me) in each and every one of their statements-a richness of experience in life that helps us comprehend who we are and why we are here.

Here are some of their answer:
?Personal Growth is the pursuit of positive activities, experiences, and education: The process expands your consciousness and opens you up to possibilities far beyond your currently perceived limits and boundaries.??Kathryn Arnold

??A constant examination of what is and isn?t working in your life, and an exploration of new ways of being to achieve a fulfilling life, which is composed of health, wealth, love, and personal self-expression.? ?Matthew Britt

About the author:

Stephen Campbell

To read more,visit http://www.masteringselfhelp.com

Source: http://www.goalachieversonline.com/personal-goal-setting-and-self-improvement/

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Exclusive: Video shows Nigerian troops shooting captives

KADUNA, Nigeria | Sun Nov 18, 2012 1:45pm EST

KADUNA, Nigeria (Reuters) - A video obtained by Reuters shows Nigerian troops shooting unarmed captives in broad daylight by the roadside in the northeastern city of Maiduguri, the bastion of an Islamist insurgency.

Nigeria's military has long been accused of human rights abuses, including summary executions, in the troubled north but there has been no video proof since the first crackdown on the Islamist sect Boko Haram in 2009.

A spokesman for the army said it was "impossible" for Nigerian troops to do such a thing.

Boko Haram is fighting to carve an Islamic state out of Nigeria, and its fighters have killed hundreds in bomb and gun attacks, many of them from the security forces, since beginning the uprising three years ago.

The video was taken by a soldier who said he was present while the shootings took place two weeks ago. The soldier, who requested anonymity, passed it to Reuters on Sunday.

In the grainy footage, a man sits down next to three or four corpses piled together on the roadside. He pleads for his life while soldiers shout at him and a crowd looks on a few meters away. "Please don't fire," the man says in pidgin English.

He tries to stand up and get onto the back of a pick up truck to the left. A Nigerian soldier shouts "come out", and drags him off it, shoving him on the ground.

One of them kicks him in the head. Then he and another soldier aim assault rifles at him. Four gunshots are heard and the man lies still next to the others.

Nigerian army spokesman Colonel Mohammed Yerima said he had not seen the video but that the events must have been staged.

"How can they do that? It is not possible. This is the Boko Haram tactics," He said. "They will do the killing, say it's the military and then Amnesty International and so on will blame us. It's not possible for Nigerian troops to act in this way."

Nigerian forces have repeatedly denied accusations of such abuses, saying the only times they kill suspected militants is during combat. Those captured are questioned or freed, they say.

U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labour Michael Posner said on Friday that the United States was seriously concerned by reported abuses committed by Nigerian security forces in their efforts to quell the insurgency.

Such alleged abuses usually occur shortly after members of the security forces have been killed or wounded in an attack by the sect. The killings in this video happened after a bomb attack on a military patrol further up the road, the soldier who provided the footage said.

Another video from the same source, which he said was taken after the executions, shows soldiers piling up about two dozen bodies in two bloody heaps on the ground from the back of a military truck.

The videos could spur renewed calls for Nigeria's security forces to change their approach to the insurgency, which critics say is prompting desperate, angry youths to join Boko Haram and encouraging the northern population to shelter them.

That uprising was sparked by a military crackdown on the sect in which hundreds were killed, including its founder and spiritual leader Mohammed Yusuf, who died in police custody.

President Goodluck Jonathan has been accused of treating the conflict as a security problem that can be solved with force alone, rather than addressing the root causes of the insurgency.

Amnesty International issued a report this month in which it said human rights abuses committed by security forces were fuelling the conflict they were meant to end.

The report said a "significant number" of people accused of links with Boko Haram had been executed after arrest without due process, while hundreds were detained without charge or trial and many of those arrested disappeared or were later found dead.

The Nigerian military rejected that report, including accusations that they execute suspects, as "biased and mischievous."

(Writing by Tim Cocks; editing by David Stamp)

Source: http://feeds.reuters.com/~r/reuters/MostRead/~3/gsk_Bh73bWo/us-nigeria-violence-idUSBRE8AH0BC20121118

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